How to stretch

Have you ever hurt your leg or back without any reason? Most of you have hurt your body without any reason at least one time. Why it happens without any reason? Because your body is not enough to be ready for movement. Good body is needed flexibility, strength, and endurance. Flexibility means to stretch well and strength means to have enough power to do something and endurance means to last for long time with enough power. So, I will introduce you two ways to strech, self stretching and stretching with partner for quadriceps femoris and hamstring in your leg. First, self stretching for quadriceps femoris, many people know like this (demonstration). In this way, other parts of your body have to make tension to keep balance during streching. So, sometimes, it is not enough to stretch. However, if you do streching like this ( demonstration), you don't need to make tension to keep balance during the strethcing. Put soft something under your knee and grab your hand fixed something such as the wall or chair. Stretch your leg to pull your ankle and hold it for 20 to 30 secs with exhale and then try it at least 3 times per 1 session and then try to stretch both side the same. After stretching, sqaute 3 times to adapt your new range. Second, self-stretching for hamstring, many people also know like this (demonstration), but this way makes your back a lot of tension, so sometimes people with low back pain hurt their back more. However, this way (demonstration), you sit on the chair with one buttock extending your leg the same side and bend opposite leg 90 degree and support your body, doesn't make any tension on your back, so this way is more safe and comfortable. Remember! don't bend your back toward your knee but bend your hip holding straight upright back posture. If you feel more stiff on the outside of your leg, you can bend your hip and trunk more inside holding upright back posture. If you feel more stiff in the inside of leg, you can do it opposite. For stretching with partner, to stretch quadriceps, you have to lay on your abdomen and opposite leg bend 90 degree and support your body. Partner holds your ankle with one hand and hip with another hand and then bends your leg toward your hip slowly the same way during exhale. For hamstring, you have to lay on back and raise your leg on your partner's shoulder. The partner holds your thigh just under your knee with one hand and holds your opposite hip with another hand. And then partner slowly raises up your leg. If you can't move up, partner holds this position 30 sec the same way during exhale. After stretching, squat slightly 3 times.
If you want your health body, don't forget flexibility, strength, and endurance. I will introduce others next time.

Family and Success outline

Family and Success

“You don’t choose your family. They are God’s gift to you, as you are to them” (Desmond Tutu). My elder sisters, Minhee Lee and Juhyung Lee, have a lot in common in their interests, value, and the lessons I learned from them, yet their portray show the difference in many ways.
2nd paragraph:
1. Minhee Lee and Juhyung Lee have a lot in common in their interests, reading and weekend trips, but they portray in different ways.
2. Minhee Lee likes to read a book at home whenever she is fee.
5. Juhyung Lee also is a supporter of reading like Minhee Lee.
8. Juhyung Lee loves to go a short trip every weekend.
10. Minhee Lee also likes to take a short trip every weekend.
14. They say to me all interests give more energy to live as a look-for rainfall during dry season.
3rd paragraph:
1. Minhee Lee and Juhyung Lee also make much of family and success as the most important value, but they have a lot difference in their portray looking closely.
2. First, Juhyung Lee always says family is one of the most important things.
5. Second, Minhee Lee thinks her family means everything to her.
8. Third, Minhee Lee says success is the key to get somewhere.
10. Forth, Juhyung Lee thinks success is the important base of happiness.
14. I think I’m really lucky to have my sisters who give me good model.
4th paragraph:
1. The lessons I learned from my sisters, Minhee Lee and Juhyung Lee, are the importance of love of family and social activity but they say to me how much important love of family and social activity are for happiness in different ways.
2. Juhyung Lee shows me the importance of love of family that family is like the water for grain during the spring.
5. Minhee Lee says she has nothing but her family in her life.
8. I learned from Minhee Lee what I do for the relationship with others.
10. I also learned social activity are necessary for success that is the key to get somewhere from Juhyung Lee.
14. One day, when I think my life closing my eyes, I’m standing on my way that they showed me and I keep going with others’ hand.
Conclusion:
My sisters, Minhee Lee and Juhyung Lee, have many similarities in interests, value, and lessons I learned, but they portray in different ways.

The Chase written by Annie Dillard

The Chase
What is the most important thing in your life? Love, or family? I think my family is the most important value to me. However, I never thought it seriously. According to Annie Dillard’s “The Chase,” she said to me that each individual has his own personal values and tries to do best mentally and physically to get it. There’re a lot of personal values in childhood and these values tend to change differently depending on the individuals when they grow up.
I think one of Annie Dillard’s values in childhood represented in this essay is excitement, this value, the excitement, is changed to sociality, and that is because she learned the rule or law to obey in the society. First, one of Annie Dillard’s values in childhood is excitement obtained by doing something regardless of fair or unfair. I think most children pursue just the excitement by doing something such as playing football, or baseball, but they don’t care whether it was fair or unfair to do it. For example, Annie Dillard and her friends in childhood liked to throw snowballs at passing cars in her essay. Second, her value changed the excitement into the sociality through running with a driver. I think the sociality means people think more importantly the relationship between others and they have to obey the social rules for the sociality. When she was running away from him first, she was doing it for her life. However, she realized and felt another excitement to obey the rule and concentrate on her soul and body during the game with him. Third, her value changed the excitement into the sociality because she realized the importance of the social rule. Actually, when she and her friends threw snowballs, they didn’t care it was fair or unfair to do it at passing cars. Fortunately, she realized there’re rules to obey in a game such as running and she gains true excitement when she plays a game obeying the rule through a driver’s chasing. For example, she said “We all played by the rules,” and she really felt excitement and then respected him by saying “sainted man,” or “our hero” because he was true winner by the rule in the chase.

Champion of the World by Maya Angelou

RQ: Have you ever fought someone who you had never won?
Thesis: I will be writing an narration essay on the day Jeo Louis fought a white contender at boxing game.

T.S: According to Maya Angelou, there're lots of challenge for black people in Amerca to get over segregation.
-Maya Angelou, Champion of the world, p. 88-90

First, all of black people in America wanted to get over their segreagtion even if they had little power.

• All the Negroes around the world who sat swating and praying, glued to their "Master's voice."

-Maya Angelou, Champion of the world, p. 89

Second, even though white people as the majority segregated them, black people tried to get over segregation not throwing in the towel.

• He's got Louis against the ropes and now it's a left to the body and a right to the ribs. My race groaned. It was our people falling. It was another lynching...

-Maya Angelou, Champion of the world, p. 89

Third, black people proved they are worthy of having the equality of human rights with white people.

• The winnah, and still heavyweight champeen of the world ...Joe Louis.

-Maya Angelou, Champion of the world, p. 90

Friends 1015

He offered me one.

So if you take this job, you'll be moving to Paris? (take this job)

Rachel: I'll fly back and forth and they'll fly you out...anything we want (fly back and forth, fly from one place to another place ? Right? I don't understand)

Rachel: I got a really incredible job offer. (get something)

Joey: It comes and goes.

Rosss: Not being able to see her every day. How can I be okay with this?

Phoebe: He's already flipping out about everything that's changing. (flip out=go crazy)

take as a phrasal verb

take away,

• remove, seize or capture, ex) The soldiers took the captives away.
  

take back,

• retract something you said, ex) I demand that you take back what you said.
  

take back,

• return an item to a store,
• ex) The dress my grandmother bought for me didn't fit, so I took it back and exchanged it for a pair of pants.

take down,

• write down what is said,
• Ex) Would you mind taking down my messages while I am on vacation?
  

take down,

• remove (from a high place),
• ex) The city government made the shop take down their bright, neon sign

take for,

• consider, view as,
• ex) Do you take me for an idiot?

take in,

• learing, ex) Are you taking in all of these phrasal verbs?

take in,

• deceive a person, ex) He was taken in by the con artist

take in,

• make smaller when sewing,
• ex) I lost weight, so I need to take some of my skirts to the tailor to have them taken in.

take off,

• when a plane or rocket leaves the ground,
• ex) My stomach felt funny when the plane took off.

take off,

• remove, ex) In many cultures, it is appropriate to take off your shoes when entering a house.

take off,

• leave work or school for a period of time,
• ex) I was sick last week, so I took a few days off of work.

take on,

• accept (responsibilities, work), ex) She has taken on too much responsibility in this project.

take over,

• take control of,
• ex) Who is going to take over the family bysiness when Aretha's father dies?

take over,

• take control of, ex) If the President is assassinated, the Vice-president will take over.

take out,

• accompany a person on a date (for dinner, the movies)
• ex) I can't meet you tonight becasuse I am taking Fernanda out to dinner.

take up,

• begin a bew hobby, ex) Have you taken up any new hobbies since you moved here?

take up,

• discuss (at a later date), ex) We should take this issue up in the meeting tomorrow.

take up,

• shorten a garment when sewing, ex) This dress is too long, I am going to take it up.

take up,

• occupy space, ex) This couch takes up too much space in the living room.

be taken with (something)

• (inf) to find (something) pleasing or attractive:
• He was very taken with the village and its inhabitants.

take (something) as read,

• to assume something without checking it or doing it:
• Can we take it as read that this has all been verified, or do we need to make further enquireies?

take one's cue from (someone),

• to copy the way (someone) is reacting to a situation etc:
• Taking our cue from Bill, we all tried to look surprised at what Susan was saying.

take (someone) for (someone or something else)

• to believe (mistakenly) that (someone) is (someone or something else):
• I took you for your brother; I took him for an intelligent person.

take (someone) for a ride,

• to trick, cheat ro deceive some one:
• He doesn't actually work for a charity at all, so the people who have sent him money have been taken for a ride.

take heart,

• to become encouraged or more confident:
• The soldiers took heart when they heard that reinforcements were coming.

take it (with can/could)

• to be able to bear suffering, trouble, difficulty etc:
• Tell me the bad bews. Don't worry, I can take it.

take it easy,

• 1. not to work etc hard or energetically; to avoid usig much effort: Take it easy-you don't have to finish the job until tomorrow.
• 2. (usu in imperative) not to get upset, angry: Take it easy! There's no need to lose your temper.

take it form me that,

• you can believe me when I say that:
• Take it form me-this company is heading for bankruptcy.

take it form there

• (inf) to deal with events as they happen, not following any plan of action:
• I think we should offer him the job and take it from there.

take it or leave it,

• to accept something or refuse to accept it, without trying to alter what one is being offered, the person etc:
• I want $50 for tat coat-take it or leave it.

take it out of (someone)

• (inf) to tire or exhaust (someone): The long walk really took it out of me.

take it out on (someone)

• (inf) to be angry with or unpleasant to (someone) because one is angry, disapponted etc oneself:
• I know your're upset, but there's no need to take it out on me!

take (someone's) mind off (something),

• to turn (someone's) attention from something; to prevent someone from thinking about something:
• A good holiday will take your mind off all the unhappiness of the past few months.

take off

• (inf) to beging suddenly to improve or get bigger: I think the computer business is about to take off.

take (someone) off

• (inf) to imitate osmeone (often unkindly): He used to take off his teacher to make his friends laugh.

take place,

• to happen: The wedding took place as arranged.

take (someone's) place,

• to do something or go somewhere as a replacement for someone else:
• John is too ill to come, so I'm taking his place.

take sides,

• to choose to support a particular opinion, group against another:
• Everybdy in the office took sides in the dispute.

take steps,

• to take action: I shall take steps to prevent this happening again.

take the floor,

• 1. to rise to speak to a group of people: The chairman asked Mr Smith to take the floor.
• 2. to begin to dance: The young couple took the floor and waltzed round the room.

take the place of something,

• to be used instead of, or to be a substitute for something:
• I don't think television will ever take the place of books.

take the risk,

• to do something which involves a risk:
• I took the risk of buying that jumper for you in the sales- I hope it fits.

take one's time,

• to do something as slowly as one wishes, often more slowly than someone else wishes:
• Take your time-there's no hurry; I wish he would hurry up-he's rather taking his time about making a decision.

take up arms,

• to become actively involved in a dispute, argument:
• The people of the village took up arms to force the local council to build a by-pass, and held rallies and demonstrations which attracted a lot of attention to their campaign.

take up with (someone)

• to become friendly with or associate with (someone):
• She has taken up with some very strange people.

take (something) up with (someone)

• to discuss: I shall take the matter up with my MP.

friends, 1014-2

Mike: Thank you for having us over. (have over, invite someone to one's home to do something together)
Chandler: I don't know why we hang out with married couples more often.
Ross: I am gonna get laid. (get laid, an ultimate goal of one's life comes true, so Ross will be a professor related to paleontology)
Ross: I'm up for tenure. (I get my tenure) What are the odds? ( express about extremely pleasant emotion)
Monica: Not more importantly to full well-rounded lives. (well-rounded, having various sides with good things)
Ross: to years of hard work finally paying off. (pay off: produce good thing or compensate something as a result of one's effort)
Ross: I can never be fired. (be fired, be expelled at work)
Ross: I have job security for lifeRoss: Little heads up would have been nice.
Chandler: Thank you for explaining to us what escrow means...I've alredy forgotten what you said, but thank you. escrow, a written agreement (or property or money) delivered to a third party or put in trust by one party to a contract to be returned after fulfillment of some condition)crap bag, a person who is a total idiot and completely worthless. In other words, my ex-boyfriend.

Friends, 1014

Phebe: Listen he was supposed to get a weekend furlough, so he'd come to the wedding tomorrow, but he just called and..., apparently stabbing Iceman in the exercise yard just couldn't wait till Monday.
stabbing iceman,

• stab (stabbed, stabbing, stabs)
• v.tr.
• 1. to pierce or wound with or as if with a pointed weapon
• 2. to plunge (a pointed wapon or instrument) into something
• 3. to make a thrusting or poking motion at or into: stabbed the air with his fingers
• v.intr.
• 1. to thrust with or as if with a pointed weapon
• Idiom:stab (someone) in the back: to harm (someone) by treachy or betrayal of thrust
  

Pheebe: there's no one to walk me down the aisle and... well, I would just really love it if you would do it.
the aisle, noun. 1. a long narrow passage (as in a cave or woods)

Phoebe: you've...you know, sort of been like a dad to me. I mean, you've always, you know, looked out for me and shared your wisdom...
Joey: I would be honored.
Phoebe: I hope you know how much you mean to me.
Joey: Let your dad get this. (get this, drink a coffee)
Phoebe: She's driving me crazy! It doesn't matter to me!
Monica: How hard it is to make an ice sculpture! Please leave the details to me. She backed out. Marjorie's overwhelming scent. (overwhelming scent, strong smell)
Mike: Is that why your hand is pressed against my crotch? (crotch, a area to meet with two legs or external sexual organ)
Joey: Our little ones are grwoing up fast, uh?
Mike's father: Who in God's name are you?
Joey: I'm not that fond of you either. (be fond of something/someone; like something/ someone)
Phoebe: I thought the pot stickers were supposed to be vegetarian! (pot sticker looks like the korean traditional mandoo)
Chandler: I know, I hate being left out of things. (being left out of things, being situation left not to do anything out of things)
Mike: there's only room for one.
Chandler: I look great in a tux and I will not steal focus.
Mike: I really don't feel comfortable making this decision. Phoebe knows you better, I'm gonna let her choose.
Joey: I'm filling in for Phoebe's step dad, tomorrow, right? (be filling in: to act as a substitute; stand in)

Social Psychology

Social Psychology is divided three area:

• Social Influence,
• Social Cognition,
• Social Interaction.

Social Influence

• Conformity,
• Compliance,
• Obedience

The presence of other people interactions each others and influences on the others' behavior, thoughts, or feeling.

1. Conformity

changing one's own behavior to more closely match the actions of others

1) Asch's Classic studey on conformity
In his study, if a lot of people give more information for a person to decide something, he can change and match his own behavior or thoughts to others

• gender: Male are less matching to others than female

2) Groupthink

Thinking for a group, in which people feel it is more important to maintain the group's cohesiveness than to consider the facts more realistically, is called groupthink.

(1) Characteristics of Groupthink

• invulnerability
• rationalzaton
• lack of intrspection
• stereotyping
• pressure
• lack of disagreement
• self-deception
• insularity

2. Compliance

to change others' behaviors, feelings, and thoughts as a result of another or group asking or directing them to change.

• FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR TECHNIQUE
• DOOR-IN-THE-FACE TECHNIQUE
• LOWBALL TECHNIQUE
• THAT'S-NOT-ALL TECHNIQUE

3. Obedience

• to change others' behaviors, feelings, and thoughts at the direct order of an authority figure.

1) Milgram's study

• Milgram's shocking research: a huge effect of obedience to authority
• foot in the door technique
• damaged the self-esteem and serous psychological stress

4. Social Facilitation and Social Loafing

• the positive influence- social facilitation
• the negative influence- social impairment

For an example, a soccer player's just going to shoot in the goal for PK in front of a lot of people.

• If he practiced many times for it, a lot of people is good for him to shoot (social facilitation).
• If he didn't practiced at all, they is not good for him to shoot(social impairment)

5. Social Loafing

If a lazy person tends not to work well when he is working with others, which is called social loafing. However, when he is working alone, he can work well.

Social Interaction 3 - Aggression and Prosocial Behavior

Social Interaction 3- Aggression and Prosocial Behavior

The cause of aggression

• frustration, pain
• genetics: the lymbic system, especially the amygdala
• chemical influence: testesterone and serotonin
• alcohol
• learning aggression

1. Aggression and Biology

1) The Amygdala

• memory and resonse of fear
• to trigger aggressive responses
• to damage the amygdala: aggression

2) Chemical influence

• high level of testosterone, low level of serotonin

3) Alcohol

• make aggression
• to act as an inhibition of serotonin and decrease the serotonin

2. Social Learning Theory

In social learning theory for aggression, aggression is learned by watching aggressive models (Bandura), two imoprtant evidences are studied:

• Social role
• watching aggression

1) The Power of Social Roles

• the pattern of behavior that is expected of a preson who is in a paritcular social position
• Zimbardo's study: a participant of a guard role of the prison tended to do aggressively to others of prisoner roles of the prison.
• the guard, army, police and etc

2) Violence in the media and aggression

• social learning theory by Bandura
• watching aggression through the media such as a movie or TV.
• Violent videogame

2. Prosocial Behavior

Prosocial behavior is one of the social interactions: a person helps someone in the emergency without any expectation of reward.

• Altruism
• Bystander Effect
• Diffusion of responsibility
• Five decisio pointsin helping behavior

1) Altruism

A person see someone almost drowned in the water, and then decide to help him without any expectation of reward, Which is called altruism.

• cause: genetics
• in the emergency: helper/bystander

2) Five Decision Points in helpong behavior

• Noticing
• Defining an Emergency
• Taking responsibility
• Planning a course of action
• Taking action

3) Bystander and diffusion of responsibility

In the case of Kitty Genovese, there are 38 "bystanders" at the windows of the apartment and none of them helped her, which is called bystander effect. That is because the presence of other people interfere to take responsibility and then fail to help. That is to say, most of them think there're a lot of people to help her even if I don't help her, which is the diffusion of responsibility.

Social Interaction 1 - Prejudice & Discrimination

Prejudice & Discrimination

• The difference between prejudice and discrimination
• Types of Prejudice and Discrimination
• Learning to Prejudice
• Overcome Prejudice

1. The Difference between prejudice and discrimination

• Prejudice: an unsupported and negative attitude about the members of a particular social group, a kind of attitude
• Discrimination: to treat differently than others in situation that call for equal treatment, a kind of behavior with prejudice
• Discrimination as a behavior can be controlled and eliminated, but it is hard to remove the prejudice because that is a kind of attitude

2. Types of Prejudice and Discrimination

1) In-groups/ Out-groups:

Once a concept of in or out-group is formed, the members in the in-group tend to form the prejudice and discrimination soon

2) The realistic conflict theory:

• The prejudice and discrimination cause the degree of conflict between in and out group depending on the degree of the prejudice and discrimination.
• Ex) the conflict between the early Crusaders and the Muslims

3) Scapegoating

• When a member or members of the in-group frustrates and has a negative emotion, he or they try to find the target to cope with the frustration or a negative emotion. The target is mainly a member or members of the out-group. The member as the target is called a scapegoat and this behavior is called scapegoating. Especially, in some scapegoating such as a rioting, the people of the least power to resist are taken attack although they are not responsible for the frustration or the negetive emotion.
• Ex) the Rodney King beating in Los Angeles, California, 1992.

3. Learning to Prejudice

1) Social Idenity Theory

• Social Categorization: the reference group is needed to compare
• Social Identity: identify the in and out-group
• Social Comparison: to improve one's own self-esteem, Festinger(1957), "Well, at least I'm better off than that person."

2) Stereotype Vulnerability(Steele, 1992, 1997)

• When a person in out-group recognizes that he or members in his group are treated in sterotyped way by others, he feels anxious and is influenced on his behavior negatively.
• Ex) In the IQ test, if a person of out-group was told the goal of the test is to compare with another of in-group, he feels discomfort and will get lower score than another of in-group.

4. Overcomeing Prejudice

The best way against is education.

1) Equal Status Contact(Sherif, 1961)

• Robber's Cave

2) The Jigsay Classroom

• collect and share the information with other member who has the other information to resolve the problem together

Social Cognition 2-Impression & Attribution

Social Cognition 2- Impression Formation and Attribution
1. Impression Formation
When you meet another for the first time, you will have the first opportunity to think and determine who he is. In your brain, the impression formation is formed about him.

• Social Categorization
• Implict Personality Theories

1) Social Categorization

For the impression formation, the information about a new person is categorised automatically and unconsciously.

Sometimes, this social categorization can make problems such as the following:

• Stereotype
• To resolve the stereotype, understand the sterotype and think carefully.

2) Implicit Personality Theories

You can organiae schemas such as categorising certain types of people. This schemas helps you to remember the people. The schemas can be stereotyped when you don't understand and have any experience with others. For an example, if you catergorize some types of people depending on the skin color.

2. Attribution

Attribution refers to the way to explain causes of one's behavior. For an example, you alway say he is a good guy because he showed you good manners or he has a lot of money.

• Situational cause
• Dispositional cause

1) Situational cause

If someone tends to explain cause of one's behavior from external causes such as the weather, traffic, or enviroment, it is said to be a situational cause.

• ex) When you tend to explain cause of your behavior from the situational cause, you always say to the teacher in this way, "I was late because the traffic was terrible".

2) dispositional cause

The cause of behavior is within the individual or internal cause.

• ex) When you tend to explain cause of your behavior from within the individual, the dispositional cause, you always say to the teacher in this way, "You're a great teacher because you're very kind and friendly to me".

3) Fundamental Attribution Error

tendency:

• overestimate the dispositional cause
• underestimate the situational cause

4) Strategies to reduce the attribution error

• Notice how many other people are doing the same thing- one: the dispositional cause, many numbers: the situational cause
• Think what are you doing in the same situation- If a lot of people behave in the same way, the cause of behavior is in the situational cause.

Attitudes

Attitude

1. The ABC Model of Attitude
2. Formation of Attitude
3. Cognitive Dissonance

Attitude

: is defined as a tendency to respond to the other person, idea, object, and situation

: Attitude can cause a person to predict the others' attitude, but sometimes, this predictation is wrong depending on the environment, or specificity. For examples, a poor person knows non-organic fruit is good for health and he always says about that. Therefore, you can predict his behavior or attitude, to buy and eat non-organic food. However, this food is expensive. He can't alway buy it. In addition, in the teacher's position, he always says to the students in his class don't spit on the ground. Therefore, you can predict his attitude of public manner. Can you predict he always obeys the public manner?

1. The ABC Model of Attitude

According to Eagly & Chaiken, 1993, 1998, attitudes are consisted of three components: the affective component, behavior component, and cognitive component (Ciccarelli, et al., 2005).

1) Affective component

Affective componet is a kind of emotional component, such as feeling good or bad.

2) Cognitive component

Cognitive component is the way of thinking about others.

2) Behavior component

Behavior component is to behave for something based on t both the affective and cogntive or either.

For an example, when you meet a person at the first time, you can feel attractive to him, which is called the affective component, and then you think he is very good, which is called the cognitive component. In addition, if you want to make good relationship with him and show him to do friendly, that is called the behavior component.

2. Attitude Formation

• direct contact
• direct instruction
• interaction with others
• vicarious contitioning (observational learning)

1)Direct Contact

For an example, when a person dislike a tomato from his chilhood, he can dislike it in adult.

2) Direct instruction

He learned a tomato is good for health from his parent, so he tries to eat it.

3) Interaction with others

If his parents have an attitude tomatos are good for health, you can be influenced on your attitude.

4) Vicarious conditioning (Obeservational Learning)

His parents always eat many tomatos, and he watched it from his childhood. To watch his parents behavior can lead him to recognise tomatos good for health althouth they didn't say to him tomatos are good for health and you should eat tomatos for your health.

3. Attitude Change: Persuation.

Persuation is to change a person's attitude through discussion, argument, or explanation. That is different from compliance and obedience. The compliance is to change his attitude by asking him to change directly without any authority or power of the authority, and the obedience is to change his attitude with the authority or power of the authority.

1) The factors of the persuation

• Source
• Message
• Target Audience

2) The elaboration likelihood model of persuation (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986)

• the central- route processing
• the peripheral-route processing

(1) The central route processing

If a person tends to concentrate on the content of the message, which is called the central route processing.

(2) The peripheral route processing

If he tends just to concentrate on the external cues of the message such as the length of message, which is called the peripheral route processing.

4. Cognitive Dissonance

According to Festinger, 1957, when attitudes and behavior clash, a person feels an emotioal discomfort such as upset, and then he tries to change his behavior or attitude to remove his discomfort, which is called the cognitive dissonance.

• Change the conflicting behavior to match a person's attitude
• Change the conflicting attitude new attitude to justify
• Form the new attitued to justify

For an example, you have an attitude toward smoking that is harmful and you have to stop. Someday, you find yourself to smoke again when you have a terrible stress and you are getting angry to yourself. To remove your upset, you can chose the following:

• First, you stop smoking right now (Change the conflicting behavior to match a person's attitude).
• Second, you justify yourself smoking is needed to you because you have a big stress (Change the conflicting attitude new attitude to justify).
• Third, you decide to smoke lighter cigarettes (Form the new attitued to justify).

The weaker attitude tends to make the cognitive dissonance, the stronger one tends to hold in the same way.

Social Congintion 2 - Interpersonal Attraction

Social Congintion 2 - Interpersonal Attraction ("PSYCHOLOGY" by Ciccarelli, et al., 2005)



Interpersonal attraction, such as liking and loving, is very important elements that influenced on a person's behavior.

• The Rules of Attraction
• Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
• Aggression
• The Power of Social Roles
• Prosocial Behavior

1. The Rules of Attraction

1) Physical Attractiveness:

When a person see the other person at the first time, physical appearance is one of the main factors that he/she makes a relationship with the other ( Eagly et al., 1991; Feingold, 1992; White,1980).

2) Proximity

The proximity refers to a person's physical closeness and repeated exposure to the other person.

3) Similarity

The physical atrractiveness and proximity don't guarantee to keep a lone-term relationship. The similarity, however, can more make sense of a long-term relationship when a person and other people share the similiar or same attitudes and thoughts, which is called the similarity.

4) Complementary attractiveness

When a person feels a complementary emotion to the opposite people, he feels the attractiveness.

5) Reciprocity

The reciprocity is very powerful way when a person feel the attract with the other people (Curtis & Miller, 1986).

For examples, the other person feels the attraction to a person, he make the person friendly. His friendly behavior influences on the person behavior. The person is getting him friendly. However, if the person has a low self-esteem, he is supposed to doubt the other person's motives and then is getting the other person unfriendly. This reciprocity influences on interpersonal relationship (Murray, et al., 1998).

2. Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

Fig. 1 ( retrieved from Wikipedia, Feb 11, 08)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Triangular_Theory_of_Love.gif

According to Sternberg (1986, 1988, 1997), there're three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

• Intimacy


• Passion


• Commitment
  

1) Intimacy

When a person meets with the other people and feels attract to the other for the first time, he wants to make the closeness with him.

2) Passion

Passion is the physical aspect of love. However, Passion is not simply sex; holding hands, loving looks and hugs can all be forms of passion.

3) Commitment

Commitment is the decisions one makes a relation for a long time such as a marriage.

2-1. The Love Triangles

Sternberg said "Love combined at least two of love components is maintaining longer and stronger than love based on one of love components."

1) Romantic Love

When the intimacy and passion are combined together, that is called romantic love.

2) Compaionate Love

When the intimacy and commitment are combined together, that is called companionate love.

3) Fatuous Love

When the passion and commitment are combined together, that is called fatuous love.

• Consummate Love: When all the love components are combined together, that is called consummate love: Intimacy + Passion + Commitment.
• In the western culture, when a person fall in love, he begins the intimacy, liking, becomes the romantic love and then the commitment is added to maintain a relationship longer: Liking -> physical touch including a sex -> marriage.