take as a phrasal verb

take away,

• remove, seize or capture, ex) The soldiers took the captives away.
  

take back,

• retract something you said, ex) I demand that you take back what you said.
  

take back,

• return an item to a store,
• ex) The dress my grandmother bought for me didn't fit, so I took it back and exchanged it for a pair of pants.

take down,

• write down what is said,
• Ex) Would you mind taking down my messages while I am on vacation?
  

take down,

• remove (from a high place),
• ex) The city government made the shop take down their bright, neon sign

take for,

• consider, view as,
• ex) Do you take me for an idiot?

take in,

• learing, ex) Are you taking in all of these phrasal verbs?

take in,

• deceive a person, ex) He was taken in by the con artist

take in,

• make smaller when sewing,
• ex) I lost weight, so I need to take some of my skirts to the tailor to have them taken in.

take off,

• when a plane or rocket leaves the ground,
• ex) My stomach felt funny when the plane took off.

take off,

• remove, ex) In many cultures, it is appropriate to take off your shoes when entering a house.

take off,

• leave work or school for a period of time,
• ex) I was sick last week, so I took a few days off of work.

take on,

• accept (responsibilities, work), ex) She has taken on too much responsibility in this project.

take over,

• take control of,
• ex) Who is going to take over the family bysiness when Aretha's father dies?

take over,

• take control of, ex) If the President is assassinated, the Vice-president will take over.

take out,

• accompany a person on a date (for dinner, the movies)
• ex) I can't meet you tonight becasuse I am taking Fernanda out to dinner.

take up,

• begin a bew hobby, ex) Have you taken up any new hobbies since you moved here?

take up,

• discuss (at a later date), ex) We should take this issue up in the meeting tomorrow.

take up,

• shorten a garment when sewing, ex) This dress is too long, I am going to take it up.

take up,

• occupy space, ex) This couch takes up too much space in the living room.

be taken with (something)

• (inf) to find (something) pleasing or attractive:
• He was very taken with the village and its inhabitants.

take (something) as read,

• to assume something without checking it or doing it:
• Can we take it as read that this has all been verified, or do we need to make further enquireies?

take one's cue from (someone),

• to copy the way (someone) is reacting to a situation etc:
• Taking our cue from Bill, we all tried to look surprised at what Susan was saying.

take (someone) for (someone or something else)

• to believe (mistakenly) that (someone) is (someone or something else):
• I took you for your brother; I took him for an intelligent person.

take (someone) for a ride,

• to trick, cheat ro deceive some one:
• He doesn't actually work for a charity at all, so the people who have sent him money have been taken for a ride.

take heart,

• to become encouraged or more confident:
• The soldiers took heart when they heard that reinforcements were coming.

take it (with can/could)

• to be able to bear suffering, trouble, difficulty etc:
• Tell me the bad bews. Don't worry, I can take it.

take it easy,

• 1. not to work etc hard or energetically; to avoid usig much effort: Take it easy-you don't have to finish the job until tomorrow.
• 2. (usu in imperative) not to get upset, angry: Take it easy! There's no need to lose your temper.

take it form me that,

• you can believe me when I say that:
• Take it form me-this company is heading for bankruptcy.

take it form there

• (inf) to deal with events as they happen, not following any plan of action:
• I think we should offer him the job and take it from there.

take it or leave it,

• to accept something or refuse to accept it, without trying to alter what one is being offered, the person etc:
• I want $50 for tat coat-take it or leave it.

take it out of (someone)

• (inf) to tire or exhaust (someone): The long walk really took it out of me.

take it out on (someone)

• (inf) to be angry with or unpleasant to (someone) because one is angry, disapponted etc oneself:
• I know your're upset, but there's no need to take it out on me!

take (someone's) mind off (something),

• to turn (someone's) attention from something; to prevent someone from thinking about something:
• A good holiday will take your mind off all the unhappiness of the past few months.

take off

• (inf) to beging suddenly to improve or get bigger: I think the computer business is about to take off.

take (someone) off

• (inf) to imitate osmeone (often unkindly): He used to take off his teacher to make his friends laugh.

take place,

• to happen: The wedding took place as arranged.

take (someone's) place,

• to do something or go somewhere as a replacement for someone else:
• John is too ill to come, so I'm taking his place.

take sides,

• to choose to support a particular opinion, group against another:
• Everybdy in the office took sides in the dispute.

take steps,

• to take action: I shall take steps to prevent this happening again.

take the floor,

• 1. to rise to speak to a group of people: The chairman asked Mr Smith to take the floor.
• 2. to begin to dance: The young couple took the floor and waltzed round the room.

take the place of something,

• to be used instead of, or to be a substitute for something:
• I don't think television will ever take the place of books.

take the risk,

• to do something which involves a risk:
• I took the risk of buying that jumper for you in the sales- I hope it fits.

take one's time,

• to do something as slowly as one wishes, often more slowly than someone else wishes:
• Take your time-there's no hurry; I wish he would hurry up-he's rather taking his time about making a decision.

take up arms,

• to become actively involved in a dispute, argument:
• The people of the village took up arms to force the local council to build a by-pass, and held rallies and demonstrations which attracted a lot of attention to their campaign.

take up with (someone)

• to become friendly with or associate with (someone):
• She has taken up with some very strange people.

take (something) up with (someone)

• to discuss: I shall take the matter up with my MP.

friends, 1014-2

Mike: Thank you for having us over. (have over, invite someone to one's home to do something together)
Chandler: I don't know why we hang out with married couples more often.
Ross: I am gonna get laid. (get laid, an ultimate goal of one's life comes true, so Ross will be a professor related to paleontology)
Ross: I'm up for tenure. (I get my tenure) What are the odds? ( express about extremely pleasant emotion)
Monica: Not more importantly to full well-rounded lives. (well-rounded, having various sides with good things)
Ross: to years of hard work finally paying off. (pay off: produce good thing or compensate something as a result of one's effort)
Ross: I can never be fired. (be fired, be expelled at work)
Ross: I have job security for lifeRoss: Little heads up would have been nice.
Chandler: Thank you for explaining to us what escrow means...I've alredy forgotten what you said, but thank you. escrow, a written agreement (or property or money) delivered to a third party or put in trust by one party to a contract to be returned after fulfillment of some condition)crap bag, a person who is a total idiot and completely worthless. In other words, my ex-boyfriend.

Friends, 1014

Phebe: Listen he was supposed to get a weekend furlough, so he'd come to the wedding tomorrow, but he just called and..., apparently stabbing Iceman in the exercise yard just couldn't wait till Monday.
stabbing iceman,

• stab (stabbed, stabbing, stabs)
• v.tr.
• 1. to pierce or wound with or as if with a pointed weapon
• 2. to plunge (a pointed wapon or instrument) into something
• 3. to make a thrusting or poking motion at or into: stabbed the air with his fingers
• v.intr.
• 1. to thrust with or as if with a pointed weapon
• Idiom:stab (someone) in the back: to harm (someone) by treachy or betrayal of thrust
  

Pheebe: there's no one to walk me down the aisle and... well, I would just really love it if you would do it.
the aisle, noun. 1. a long narrow passage (as in a cave or woods)

Phoebe: you've...you know, sort of been like a dad to me. I mean, you've always, you know, looked out for me and shared your wisdom...
Joey: I would be honored.
Phoebe: I hope you know how much you mean to me.
Joey: Let your dad get this. (get this, drink a coffee)
Phoebe: She's driving me crazy! It doesn't matter to me!
Monica: How hard it is to make an ice sculpture! Please leave the details to me. She backed out. Marjorie's overwhelming scent. (overwhelming scent, strong smell)
Mike: Is that why your hand is pressed against my crotch? (crotch, a area to meet with two legs or external sexual organ)
Joey: Our little ones are grwoing up fast, uh?
Mike's father: Who in God's name are you?
Joey: I'm not that fond of you either. (be fond of something/someone; like something/ someone)
Phoebe: I thought the pot stickers were supposed to be vegetarian! (pot sticker looks like the korean traditional mandoo)
Chandler: I know, I hate being left out of things. (being left out of things, being situation left not to do anything out of things)
Mike: there's only room for one.
Chandler: I look great in a tux and I will not steal focus.
Mike: I really don't feel comfortable making this decision. Phoebe knows you better, I'm gonna let her choose.
Joey: I'm filling in for Phoebe's step dad, tomorrow, right? (be filling in: to act as a substitute; stand in)

Social Psychology

Social Psychology is divided three area:

• Social Influence,
• Social Cognition,
• Social Interaction.

Social Influence

• Conformity,
• Compliance,
• Obedience

The presence of other people interactions each others and influences on the others' behavior, thoughts, or feeling.

1. Conformity

changing one's own behavior to more closely match the actions of others

1) Asch's Classic studey on conformity
In his study, if a lot of people give more information for a person to decide something, he can change and match his own behavior or thoughts to others

• gender: Male are less matching to others than female

2) Groupthink

Thinking for a group, in which people feel it is more important to maintain the group's cohesiveness than to consider the facts more realistically, is called groupthink.

(1) Characteristics of Groupthink

• invulnerability
• rationalzaton
• lack of intrspection
• stereotyping
• pressure
• lack of disagreement
• self-deception
• insularity

2. Compliance

to change others' behaviors, feelings, and thoughts as a result of another or group asking or directing them to change.

• FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR TECHNIQUE
• DOOR-IN-THE-FACE TECHNIQUE
• LOWBALL TECHNIQUE
• THAT'S-NOT-ALL TECHNIQUE

3. Obedience

• to change others' behaviors, feelings, and thoughts at the direct order of an authority figure.

1) Milgram's study

• Milgram's shocking research: a huge effect of obedience to authority
• foot in the door technique
• damaged the self-esteem and serous psychological stress

4. Social Facilitation and Social Loafing

• the positive influence- social facilitation
• the negative influence- social impairment

For an example, a soccer player's just going to shoot in the goal for PK in front of a lot of people.

• If he practiced many times for it, a lot of people is good for him to shoot (social facilitation).
• If he didn't practiced at all, they is not good for him to shoot(social impairment)

5. Social Loafing

If a lazy person tends not to work well when he is working with others, which is called social loafing. However, when he is working alone, he can work well.

Social Interaction 1 - Prejudice & Discrimination

Prejudice & Discrimination

• The difference between prejudice and discrimination
• Types of Prejudice and Discrimination
• Learning to Prejudice
• Overcome Prejudice

1. The Difference between prejudice and discrimination

• Prejudice: an unsupported and negative attitude about the members of a particular social group, a kind of attitude
• Discrimination: to treat differently than others in situation that call for equal treatment, a kind of behavior with prejudice
• Discrimination as a behavior can be controlled and eliminated, but it is hard to remove the prejudice because that is a kind of attitude

2. Types of Prejudice and Discrimination

1) In-groups/ Out-groups:

Once a concept of in or out-group is formed, the members in the in-group tend to form the prejudice and discrimination soon

2) The realistic conflict theory:

• The prejudice and discrimination cause the degree of conflict between in and out group depending on the degree of the prejudice and discrimination.
• Ex) the conflict between the early Crusaders and the Muslims

3) Scapegoating

• When a member or members of the in-group frustrates and has a negative emotion, he or they try to find the target to cope with the frustration or a negative emotion. The target is mainly a member or members of the out-group. The member as the target is called a scapegoat and this behavior is called scapegoating. Especially, in some scapegoating such as a rioting, the people of the least power to resist are taken attack although they are not responsible for the frustration or the negetive emotion.
• Ex) the Rodney King beating in Los Angeles, California, 1992.

3. Learning to Prejudice

1) Social Idenity Theory

• Social Categorization: the reference group is needed to compare
• Social Identity: identify the in and out-group
• Social Comparison: to improve one's own self-esteem, Festinger(1957), "Well, at least I'm better off than that person."

2) Stereotype Vulnerability(Steele, 1992, 1997)

• When a person in out-group recognizes that he or members in his group are treated in sterotyped way by others, he feels anxious and is influenced on his behavior negatively.
• Ex) In the IQ test, if a person of out-group was told the goal of the test is to compare with another of in-group, he feels discomfort and will get lower score than another of in-group.

4. Overcomeing Prejudice

The best way against is education.

1) Equal Status Contact(Sherif, 1961)

• Robber's Cave

2) The Jigsay Classroom

• collect and share the information with other member who has the other information to resolve the problem together

Social Cognition 2-Impression & Attribution

Social Cognition 2- Impression Formation and Attribution
1. Impression Formation
When you meet another for the first time, you will have the first opportunity to think and determine who he is. In your brain, the impression formation is formed about him.

• Social Categorization
• Implict Personality Theories

1) Social Categorization

For the impression formation, the information about a new person is categorised automatically and unconsciously.

Sometimes, this social categorization can make problems such as the following:

• Stereotype
• To resolve the stereotype, understand the sterotype and think carefully.

2) Implicit Personality Theories

You can organiae schemas such as categorising certain types of people. This schemas helps you to remember the people. The schemas can be stereotyped when you don't understand and have any experience with others. For an example, if you catergorize some types of people depending on the skin color.

2. Attribution

Attribution refers to the way to explain causes of one's behavior. For an example, you alway say he is a good guy because he showed you good manners or he has a lot of money.

• Situational cause
• Dispositional cause

1) Situational cause

If someone tends to explain cause of one's behavior from external causes such as the weather, traffic, or enviroment, it is said to be a situational cause.

• ex) When you tend to explain cause of your behavior from the situational cause, you always say to the teacher in this way, "I was late because the traffic was terrible".

2) dispositional cause

The cause of behavior is within the individual or internal cause.

• ex) When you tend to explain cause of your behavior from within the individual, the dispositional cause, you always say to the teacher in this way, "You're a great teacher because you're very kind and friendly to me".

3) Fundamental Attribution Error

tendency:

• overestimate the dispositional cause
• underestimate the situational cause

4) Strategies to reduce the attribution error

• Notice how many other people are doing the same thing- one: the dispositional cause, many numbers: the situational cause
• Think what are you doing in the same situation- If a lot of people behave in the same way, the cause of behavior is in the situational cause.

Attitudes

Attitude

1. The ABC Model of Attitude
2. Formation of Attitude
3. Cognitive Dissonance

Attitude

: is defined as a tendency to respond to the other person, idea, object, and situation

: Attitude can cause a person to predict the others' attitude, but sometimes, this predictation is wrong depending on the environment, or specificity. For examples, a poor person knows non-organic fruit is good for health and he always says about that. Therefore, you can predict his behavior or attitude, to buy and eat non-organic food. However, this food is expensive. He can't alway buy it. In addition, in the teacher's position, he always says to the students in his class don't spit on the ground. Therefore, you can predict his attitude of public manner. Can you predict he always obeys the public manner?

1. The ABC Model of Attitude

According to Eagly & Chaiken, 1993, 1998, attitudes are consisted of three components: the affective component, behavior component, and cognitive component (Ciccarelli, et al., 2005).

1) Affective component

Affective componet is a kind of emotional component, such as feeling good or bad.

2) Cognitive component

Cognitive component is the way of thinking about others.

2) Behavior component

Behavior component is to behave for something based on t both the affective and cogntive or either.

For an example, when you meet a person at the first time, you can feel attractive to him, which is called the affective component, and then you think he is very good, which is called the cognitive component. In addition, if you want to make good relationship with him and show him to do friendly, that is called the behavior component.

2. Attitude Formation

• direct contact
• direct instruction
• interaction with others
• vicarious contitioning (observational learning)

1)Direct Contact

For an example, when a person dislike a tomato from his chilhood, he can dislike it in adult.

2) Direct instruction

He learned a tomato is good for health from his parent, so he tries to eat it.

3) Interaction with others

If his parents have an attitude tomatos are good for health, you can be influenced on your attitude.

4) Vicarious conditioning (Obeservational Learning)

His parents always eat many tomatos, and he watched it from his childhood. To watch his parents behavior can lead him to recognise tomatos good for health althouth they didn't say to him tomatos are good for health and you should eat tomatos for your health.

3. Attitude Change: Persuation.

Persuation is to change a person's attitude through discussion, argument, or explanation. That is different from compliance and obedience. The compliance is to change his attitude by asking him to change directly without any authority or power of the authority, and the obedience is to change his attitude with the authority or power of the authority.

1) The factors of the persuation

• Source
• Message
• Target Audience

2) The elaboration likelihood model of persuation (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986)

• the central- route processing
• the peripheral-route processing

(1) The central route processing

If a person tends to concentrate on the content of the message, which is called the central route processing.

(2) The peripheral route processing

If he tends just to concentrate on the external cues of the message such as the length of message, which is called the peripheral route processing.

4. Cognitive Dissonance

According to Festinger, 1957, when attitudes and behavior clash, a person feels an emotioal discomfort such as upset, and then he tries to change his behavior or attitude to remove his discomfort, which is called the cognitive dissonance.

• Change the conflicting behavior to match a person's attitude
• Change the conflicting attitude new attitude to justify
• Form the new attitued to justify

For an example, you have an attitude toward smoking that is harmful and you have to stop. Someday, you find yourself to smoke again when you have a terrible stress and you are getting angry to yourself. To remove your upset, you can chose the following:

• First, you stop smoking right now (Change the conflicting behavior to match a person's attitude).
• Second, you justify yourself smoking is needed to you because you have a big stress (Change the conflicting attitude new attitude to justify).
• Third, you decide to smoke lighter cigarettes (Form the new attitued to justify).

The weaker attitude tends to make the cognitive dissonance, the stronger one tends to hold in the same way.

Social Congintion 2 - Interpersonal Attraction

Social Congintion 2 - Interpersonal Attraction ("PSYCHOLOGY" by Ciccarelli, et al., 2005)



Interpersonal attraction, such as liking and loving, is very important elements that influenced on a person's behavior.

• The Rules of Attraction
• Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
• Aggression
• The Power of Social Roles
• Prosocial Behavior

1. The Rules of Attraction

1) Physical Attractiveness:

When a person see the other person at the first time, physical appearance is one of the main factors that he/she makes a relationship with the other ( Eagly et al., 1991; Feingold, 1992; White,1980).

2) Proximity

The proximity refers to a person's physical closeness and repeated exposure to the other person.

3) Similarity

The physical atrractiveness and proximity don't guarantee to keep a lone-term relationship. The similarity, however, can more make sense of a long-term relationship when a person and other people share the similiar or same attitudes and thoughts, which is called the similarity.

4) Complementary attractiveness

When a person feels a complementary emotion to the opposite people, he feels the attractiveness.

5) Reciprocity

The reciprocity is very powerful way when a person feel the attract with the other people (Curtis & Miller, 1986).

For examples, the other person feels the attraction to a person, he make the person friendly. His friendly behavior influences on the person behavior. The person is getting him friendly. However, if the person has a low self-esteem, he is supposed to doubt the other person's motives and then is getting the other person unfriendly. This reciprocity influences on interpersonal relationship (Murray, et al., 1998).

2. Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

Fig. 1 ( retrieved from Wikipedia, Feb 11, 08)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Triangular_Theory_of_Love.gif

According to Sternberg (1986, 1988, 1997), there're three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

• Intimacy


• Passion


• Commitment
  

1) Intimacy

When a person meets with the other people and feels attract to the other for the first time, he wants to make the closeness with him.

2) Passion

Passion is the physical aspect of love. However, Passion is not simply sex; holding hands, loving looks and hugs can all be forms of passion.

3) Commitment

Commitment is the decisions one makes a relation for a long time such as a marriage.

2-1. The Love Triangles

Sternberg said "Love combined at least two of love components is maintaining longer and stronger than love based on one of love components."

1) Romantic Love

When the intimacy and passion are combined together, that is called romantic love.

2) Compaionate Love

When the intimacy and commitment are combined together, that is called companionate love.

3) Fatuous Love

When the passion and commitment are combined together, that is called fatuous love.

• Consummate Love: When all the love components are combined together, that is called consummate love: Intimacy + Passion + Commitment.
• In the western culture, when a person fall in love, he begins the intimacy, liking, becomes the romantic love and then the commitment is added to maintain a relationship longer: Liking -> physical touch including a sex -> marriage.